The assumption that a magazine must have high circulation o be profitable is not valid! Thus you do not have to sell to the $2/day income group - they don't have the money to buy newspapers, let alone magazines!
I once did consultancy work for a Kenyan magazine which targeted senior corporate managers [and their wannabes!]. Circulation averaged 1,200 copies per month - one large Kenyan corporate had a subscription of 200 copies that it used to give to its key customers!]
Street sales were less than 100 copies per month, the rest was through subscription. Cover price was sh200 and this was ten years ago - no wonder street sales were so low.
This magazine had a gross turnover of between sh800k and 1m each month - from advertising. KQ used to book the back page in blocks of six months at a cost of sh180k each. DT Dobie would block the inside front cover for several months at sh230k.
Inside pages would get 3 - 4 full-page ads per month at sh150k each.
Printing cost for the magazine averaged sh250k per month and other production costs [writers' fees and administration would take another sh150k]
That would leave about sh500k for the owner per month....
That the magazine still went bankrupt! Couldn't pay printers; couldn't pay writers etc!!
Why?
Why?
Why?
Simple:- The ME (Managing Editor, for the uninitiated) kept withdrawing too much money from the business! Eventually, it had to fold - and that was quite a shame!
I tell this story to dispel the popular belief that you have to sell to all the economic groups to survive.
In a previous thread, I related the story of how DEACONS survived by up-scaling its target market and completely ignoring the lower income groups. Same happened to BATA. And both survived... and today they are very successful.
Why did EAM Close down? Give me time, I will find out
Nothing is real unless it can be named; nothing has value unless it can be sold; money is worthless unless you spend it.